Description:

Kadua littoralis is a succulent perennial herb with slightly woody bases. It typically grows with decumbent stems at the base, extending 25–40 cm in length, quadrangular in cross-section when dry, and is glabrous. The leaves are opposite, clustered near the base of the stem, and more dispersed on new shoots. The blades range from ovate to broadly elliptic, measuring 3.5–13.5 cm in length and 1.5–7.5 cm in width. They are fleshy with a glossy upper surface and a dull or glossy lower surface, with entire margins and lateral veins that are impressed on the upper surface. The leaf bases are sessile and slightly connate around the stem, with stipules adnate to the thickened leaf bases, forming a sheath that ends in a fleshy mucro. The flowers emerge on 20–30 cm long scapes, arranged in subumbellate, corymbose cymes that can extend with monochasial branches, featuring pedicels up to 20 mm long. These inflorescences are subtended by broadly cordate to orbicular bracts. The flowers are perfect: a calyx with 4-5 foliaceous, oblong-ovate lobes and a white, salverform corolla with a tube 8–11 mm long. The corolla’s lobes are inflexed in bud, and the nectary disc is present. The stamens, inserted within the corolla tube, have sessile or short-filamented anthers. The fruit is an obconical capsule, measuring 6–10 mm in length and 5–9 mm in diameter, with a firm-fleshy mesocarp that exfoliates when dry, leaving a depressed-subglobose vascular tissue and weakly sclerified endocarp. The seeds are dark brown, peltate to broadly cuneiform, irregularly and bluntly angled, and feature a black papillose surface. These seeds have a well-developed oily endosperm, though sometimes the endosperm is scant or absent. It typically inhabits wet rocky sea cliffs and coastal talus slopes, often within the range of salt spray between 2–6 meters.

Kadua littoralis

Family: Rubiaceae

Hawaiian Name: pilo, manono

 Minimum Length: 0.68 (mm)

 Maximum Length: 0.84 (mm)

 Minimum Width: 0.51 (mm)

 Maximum Width: 0.54 (mm)

 Minimum Mass: 0.19 (mg)

 Maximum Mass: 0.69 (mg)

 Texture: TBD

Geographic Distribution:

 Hawaii Island, Kauai, Maui, Molokai
Species Of Concern

PEPP Status:

Not Applicable

Native Status:

Endemic

2D Seed Shapes

Bean-shaped (Reniform): Resembling the shape of a kidney or bean.

Square or Oblong: Angular shape with all sides more or less equal or longer than wide.

Triangular: Three-sided shape, broadest below the middle.

Elliptic: Rounded at both ends. shaped like an ellipse or oval.

Ovate or Obovate: egg-shaped, broader at one end.

Linear: Extremely long and narrow, with sides usually parallel.

Round: Appears circular, with length and width roughly the same.

Cardioid (Heart-Shaped): One edge has a prominent double curve into two lobes.

3D Seed Shapes

Cylindrical: A cylinder with parallel sides and a circular cross-section.

Discoid: Resembling a disc or plate with two relatively flat surfaces.

Fusiform: Spindle-shaped, tapering at both ends.

Globose: Spherical.

Lenticular: Resembling a lens with two convex surfaces.

Ovoid: Egg-shaped.

Plano-convex: Having a flat ventral (planar) surface and a curved dorsal (convex) surface.

Polygonal: Having more than three flat faces meeting at angles.

Sectoroid: Resembling a segment of an orange with two relatively flat faces and one curved face.

Subglobose/ellipsoid: Inflated shape but less than spherical.

Trigonous: Having three faces that meet at a distinct angle; triangular in cross-section.

Federal Status

Endangered species (E) are species that are so rare they’re in danger of becoming extinct.

Threatened species (T) are species that are likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of their range.

Species of Concern (SOC) are species about which there are some concerns regarding status and threats, but insufficient information is available to list the species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).

Plant Extinction Prevention (PEP) is a state status for rare plants that focuses its efforts on species that have fewer than 50 remaining wild individuals.

Storage Behavior

Orthodox seeds (desiccation-tolerant): can be dried to an internal seed moisture of less than 12% water and stored at freezing temperatures.

Intermediate seeds (temperature-sensitive) tend to age faster than orthodox seeds and may have only a 5-year lifespan when stored at -20°C. They are recommended for storage at 5°C.

Recalcitrant seeds (desiccation-sensitive): cannot be stored in a conventional freezer as they cannot survive after drying and/or freezing at -20°C. They are recommended for cryopreservation storage.